The Role of Rehearsal in Short-Term Memory - 2108 Words

Abstract Fergus I. M. Craik and Michael J. Watkins conducted two experiments which oppose many widely accepted models of memory, stating that an items length of stay in short term storage (STS) has an effect on the item being transferred into long term storage (LTS). Previous researchers postulate the more an item is rehearsed in STM there is a better chance of the item being transferred into LTM, for recall later, this can explain the negative recency effect in free recall; items presented at the end of a list are not rehearsed as often, being poorly retrieved later. Craik and Watkins experiments showed that neither the amount of time an item stayed in STM nor the number of overt rehearsals was related to subsequent recall (Craik and†¦show more content†¦Each list contained three critical words, equally distributed over i-value and presentation time; two were replacement words and one a report word. The order of i-values was essentially randomized. Effort was made to avoid confounding serial position and i-value of the replacement words; making the i-value not totally randomized. The first three serial positions were not used; besides the twenty seven lists participants were given three practice lists. Lists were presented with an intertribal interval of fifteen seconds. Participants engaged in one-minute arithmetic a task, immediately following, during which time paper was distributed for a final recall test. A ten minute period was allowed for the free recall of any words; critical or noncritical. Results 26.2 of the twenty seven report words were correctly identified and reported, no participants made more than two errors. The critical words were correctly perceived and retained over their respective intervals. An analysis of variance revealed significant effects of reporting and presentation rate. The findings reflect the advantage of reported words over replaced words, and slower presentation. The only other significant effect was the second order interaction between rate, i-value and replacement reported. The most important finding is that the non significance of the i-value variable. Discussion Recalling an item from LTS remainedShow MoreRelatedModels Of Theories Of Memory1235 Words   |  5 Pagestheories of memory. This essay will evaluate two models of theories of memory. Memory can be defined as the persistence of learning over time via the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Encoding is the process of categorizing incoming information through conscious effortful processing, rehearsal, or unconscious automatic processing. The storage process involves the retention of encoded information over time. Lastly, retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory. 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